While digital photography and image-editing software have brought about an increased awareness of the degree to which camera images can be manipulated, the practice of doctoring photographs has existed since the medium was invented.
Faking It: Manipulated Photography Before Photoshop at The Metropolitan Museum of Art is the first major exhibition devoted to the history of manipulated photography before the digital age. Featuring some 200 visually captivating photographs created between the 1840s and 1990s in the service of art, politics, news, entertainment, and commerce, the exhibition offers a provocative new perspective on the history of photography as it traces the mediumโs complex and changing relationship to visual truth.
The exhibition is made possible by Adobe Systems Incorporated.
The photographs in the exhibition were altered using a variety of techniques, including multiple exposure (taking two or more pictures on a single negative), combination printing (producing a single print from elements of two or more negatives), photomontage, overpainting, and retouching on the negative or print.
In every case, the meaning and content of the camera image was significantly transformed in the process of manipulation.
Faking It is divided into seven sections, each focusing on a different set of motivations for manipulating the camera image. โPicture Perfectโ explores 19th-century photographersโ efforts to compensate for the new mediumโs technical limitationsโspecifically, its inability to depict the world the way it looks to the naked eye. To augment photographyโs monochrome palette, pigments were applied to portraits to make them more vivid and lifelike. Landscape photographers faced a different obstacle: the uneven sensitivity of early emulsions often resulted in blotchy, overexposed skies. To overcome this, many photographers, such as Gustave Le Gray and Carleton E. Watkins, created spectacular landscapes by printing two negatives on a single sheet of paperโone exposed for the land, the other for the sky. This section also explores the challenges involved in the creation of large group portraits, which were often cobbled together from dozens of photographs of individuals.
For early art photographers, the ultimate creativity lay not in the act of taking a photograph but in the subsequent transformation of the camera image into a hand-crafted picture. โArtifice in the Name of Artโ begins in the 1850s with elaborate combination prints of narrative and allegorical subjects by Oscar Gustave Rejlander and Henry Peach Robinson. It continues with the revival of Pictorialism at the dawn of the twentieth century in the work of artist-photographers such as Edward Steichen, Anne W. Brigman, and F. Holland Day.
โPolitics and Persuasionโ presents photographs that were manipulated for explicitly political or ideological ends. It begins with Ernest Eugene Appertโs faked photographs of the 1871 Paris Commune massacres, and continues with images used to foster patriotism, advance racial ideologies, and support or protest totalitarian regimes. Sequences of photographs published in Stalin-era Soviet Russia from which purged Party officials were erased demonstrate the chilling ease with which the historical record could be falsified. Also featured are composite portraits of criminals by Francis Galton and original paste-ups of John Heartfieldโs anti-Nazi photomontages of the 1930s.
โNovelties and Amusementsโ brings together a broad variety of amateur and commercial photographs intended to astonish, amuse, and entertain. Here, we find popular images of figures holding their own severed heads or appearing doubled or tripled. Also included in this light-hearted section are ghostly images by the spirit photographer William Mumler, โtall-taleโ postcards produced in Midwestern farming communities in the 1910s, trick photographs by amateurs, and Weegeeโs experimental distortions of the 1940s.
โPictures in Printโ reveals the ways in which newspapers, magazines, and advertisers have altered, improved, and sometimes fabricated images in their entirety to depict events that never occurredโsuch as the docking of a zeppelin on the tip of the Empire State Building. Highlights include Erwin Blumenfeldโs famous โDoe Eyeโ Vogue cover from 1950 and Richard Avedonโs multiple portrait of Audrey Hepburn from 1967. โMindโs Eyeโ features works from the 1920s through 1940s by such artists as Herbert Bayer, Maurice Tabard, Dora Maar, Clarence John Laughlin, and Grete Stern, who have used photography to evoke subjective states of mind, conjuring dreamlike scenarios and surreal imaginary worlds.
The final section, โProtoshop,โ presents photographs from the second half of the 20th century by Yves Klein, John Baldessari, Duane Michals, Jerry Uelsmann, and other artists who have adapted earlier techniques of image manipulationโsuch as spirit photography or news photo retouchingโto create works that self-consciously and often humorously question photographyโs presumed objectivity.
Faking It: Manipulated Photography Before Photoshop is organized by Mia Fineman, Assistant Curator in the Department of Photographs.
Exhibition Dates: October 11, 2012 โ January 27, 2013
Exhibition Location: Galleries for Drawings, Prints, and Photographs and The Howard Gilman Gallery