Nationwide strikes left commuters and tourists stranded across Italy on Friday, as transport unions called for better job conditions for workers and protested against privatization.
Underground and overground trains, airplanes and buses were canceled in a series of strikes over a 24-hour period starting on Thursday evening.
Transport Minister Graziano Delrio said he had tried to negotiate with union leaders, but “sadly, it will be a black Friday.”
Italy is due to spin off parts of the state railway company under a delayed privatization plan to cut its huge public debt.